
CopvrislitN" ^1/ ^ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSre 



BUDD'S 

PENNSYLVANIA 
AND NEW JERSEY 



Of this edition, two hundred 
and fifty copies have been 
printed, and the type distrib- 
uted. This isy^ 

A. 

No. 



tnr 





GOOD ORDER ESTABLISHED IN ^ ^ 

PENNSYLVANIA AND 
-^ -^ NEW JERSEY 

js^ BY THOMAS BUDD -e> 

Reprinted from the original edition of 1685 



With Introduction and Notes hy 
FREDERICK J. SHEPARD 

of the Buffalo Public Library 




CLEVELAND 

The Burrows Brothers Company 

1902 






THE LIBRARY Of 
COMGRtSS, 

Two Cop.EH RECEivcr 

NOV, !| '1<?0? 

COPY A. 



Copyright, 1902 

BY 

The Burrows Brothers Company 



Cleveland 



INTRODUCTION 



^MosES Coit Tyler says in his "History of Ameri- 
can Literature during the Colonial Time :" * " Pre- 
cisely fifteen years after the publication of Daniel 
Denton's winsome sketch of the province of New 
York, Thomas Budd, of New Jersey, a worthy 
Quaker, and a man of much importance in his 
own neighborhood, published, likewise at London, 
a little book entitled ' Good Order established in 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey in America.' The 
purpose of this book, like that of Daniel Denton, 
was to catch the eye of emigrants ; and for that 
purpose it perhaps did not need, as certainly it 
did not have, much literary merit." On the 
other hand, William A. Whitehead says in his 
chapter on ' ' The English in East and West Jer- 
sey" in the "Narrative and Critical History of 
America: "f "Mr. Budd's work exhibits the pos- 
session of intelligence and public spirit to a 
remarkable degree. Some of his suggestions as 
to the education which should be given to the 

* Vol. 2, p. 2og. f Vol. 3, p. 452. 

— 5 — 



INTRODUCTION 

young in various pursuits show him to have been 
an early advocate of what are now termed tech- 
nical schools, and are deserving of consideration 
even at this late day." He adds in a footnote : 
' ' The title, in full, is quite a correct table of con- 
tents, and under the several headings is given 
very excellent advice as to the course to be fol- 
lowed to insure success in the new settlements." 
The book was reprinted in 1865 by William 
Gowans,* an eccentric New York bookseller of 
Scottish birth, with an elaborate introduction 
and notes by Edward Armstrong of Philadelphia, 
to whom the present writer is indebted for most 
of the personal facts about the author. It formed 
No. 4 of his Bihliotheca Americana, a series of 
reprints of early descriptions of this country which 
came to an end from lack of public support. 
Budd's " Good Order " had already been reprinted 
without notes in the numbers of the Historical 
Magazine for September and October, 1862, vol. 6, 
pp. 265-273 and 304-312. In his introduction to 
the Gowans edition Mr. Armstrong conveys the 
impression that the book was printed in England, 
and Mr. Whitehead repeats his language, while 
Mr. Tyler makes a direct statement to this effect ; 
but it seems in reality to have been the second 

* Sketches of Gowans appear in the American Biblzopolist, vol. 
3, p. 5, by Dr. Samuel S. Purple, and vol. 4, p. 127, by William C. 
Prime. Mr. Prime's article is part of a longer one in Harper's 
Magazine, vol. 44, p. 385, on " Old Books in New York." 

_6 — 



INTRODUCTION 

earliest production of the first Philadelphia 
printer, the famous William Bradford, and it 
occupies a corresponding post of distinction in 
Charles R. Hildeburn's fine work, "Issues of the 
Press in Pennsylvania," * with the following note 
attached : 

"Mr. F. D. Stone, librarian of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania, was the first to call in 
question the heretofore accepted statement that 
this work was printed in London. I give his rea- 
sons in his own words : ' In addition to the simi- 
larity there is between the type of "Good Order " 
and that of publications which are known to be 
from Bradford's press, sheets of the former, used 
as waste, are in a copy of Keith's "Pretended 
Antidote Proved Poysen," printed by Bradford 
in 1690, which is preserved in its original binding 
in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Other 
sheets similarly used were found by a gentleman 
living in Albany, in the original binding of a 
Bradford edition of the ' ' Presbyterian and Inde- 
pendent Visible Churches." If the late Edward 
Armstrong's statement in his introduction to 
Gowans's reprint of the work is correct, that it 
was ' ' given to the printer on the 25th of October, 
1685," all possible doubt about the matter is 
settled, as Budd is known to have been in Phila- 
delphia so soon afterwards (November 17th, 1685) 

* Vol. I, p. 4. 

— 7 — 



INTRODUCTION 

as to preclude the idea that in the meanwhile he 
had crossed the Atlantic' After a careful com- 
parison of its typography with other issues of 
Bradford's press, the late John Wm. Wallace, 
Esq., and the author both concurred in Mr. 
Stone's opinion. A copy of 'Good Order,' with 
all the other available early specimens of Brad- 
ford's printing, was then submitted to Mr. Thomas 
Mackellar, the eminent type-founder, whose long 
practical experience with every variety of ' letter,' 
makes his opinion conclusive. Mr. Mackellar, 
after a prolonged and careful examination, de- 
clared himself convinced that ' Good Order ' came 
from the same ' office ' as several of the books bear- 
ing Bradford's imprint, and enforced his opinion 
by pointing out peculiarly broken, defective and 
irregularly formed type in Budd's tract, which re- 
appeared in one or more of the publications of 
our first printer. 

' ' ' Good Order ' was going through the press 
when the publication of the Almanac* called 
forth the order ' not to print anything but what 
shall have lycence from ye Council,' and as Budd 
had recently published in London some strictures 
on Edward Byllinge, which also reflected on Penn 
and other Quakers, an application for a license in 
this case would have met with delay, if not a 

* Bradford's first publication, the Kalendartum Pennsilvaniense, 
by Samuel Atkins. 



INTRODUCTION 



refusal. These considerations no doubt induced 
Bradford to omit his name from the imprint." 

Thomas Budd was the son of a parish clergy- 
man of Martock, Somersetshire, bearing the same 
name, who, having become a Quaker, gave up his 
benefice and, in consequence of his refusal to take 
an oath prescribed by statute, was confined in 
Ilchester jail, where he died June 22, 1670. His 
son also joined the Friends and some time prior 
to 1678, when he brought his family to Burlington, 
N. J., he came to America. A writer in the Feym- 
sylvania Magazine * suggests that his first voyage 
was made in company with the settlers of Burling- 
ton in 1677. He speedily became a man of impor- 
tance in the province of West Jersey, being 
appointed by the first assembly in 1681 one of the 
two receivers-general to collect ^'200 to defray the 
debts of the province and being chosen the same 
year a commissioner for the regulation of lands, a 
member of the council, and one of the regulators 
of weights and measures. The next year and the 
year thereafter he was elected to the assembly 
and to the council and again chosen land commis- 
sioner; and in 1683 he again served as a treasurer. 
In 1684 he was selected by the assembly, in asso- 
ciation with Samuel Jening (or Jennings), whom 
the assembly had elected governor, to proceed to 
England and to secure from Edward Byllinge, 

* Vol. 9, p. 491. 



INTRODUCTION 

who had purchased the province and proprietary- 
rights from the duke of York and from whom the 
settlers had bought their lands, a confirmation of 
the power of self-government already assumed by 
them — an undertaking in which the two emis- 
saries were only in part successful.* The next 
year Budd was once more elected to the assembly ; 
but he must have very soon removed to Philadel- 
phia, for his name appears on a petition to the 
Pennsylvania provincial council before the expira- 
tion of the year. In February, 1688-89, he was, 
with others, "requesting incouragement from 
the governor's council" for a plan of setting up 
a bank, a scheme which met with no immediate 
results. About 1689 he erected on the west side 
of Front Street, adjoining the drawbridge or dock, 
a row of timber and brick houses, called in after 
times Budd's Long Row. The southernmost 
house of the ten became the Blue Anchor tavern, 
the name having been transferred from a still 
earlier place of entertainment. A picture of the 
tavern, which stood until 1810, is given in the 
Fennsyhmnia Magazine, vol. 20, p. 427. Two of the 
buildings in the Row were standing so late as 
1840. f Budd is referred to in the book of grantors 

* ' ' Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of 
New Jersey," vol. 2, p. 65. "Narrative and Critical History of 
America." vol. 3, p. 442. 

\ Pennsylvania Magazine, vol. 4, p. 51. 
— 10 — 



INTRODUCTION 

in the Philadelphia office of deeds as "merchant." 
In 1691 occurred the secession from the Phila- 
delphia Friends of George Keith, and Budd was 
one of his leading supporters. Among the numer- 
ous controversial publications of the time were 
two of which Keith and Budd were the joint 
authors, and one of these, the ' ' Plea of the Inno- 
cent against the False Judgment of the Guilty," 
caused their indictment, trial, and conviction on a 
charge of "defamingly accusing" a magistrate; 
but the fines of five pounds each levied against 
them were never exacted. The especial offense of 
Budd was that of saying, ' ' Samuell J enings had be- 
haved himself too high and imperiously in Worldly 
Courts;" and of calling him "an impudent, pre- 
sumptuous and insolent man." To the whole 
series of trials to which the Keithians were sub- 
jected Mr. Hildeburn observes* that "the tenn 
' persecution ' is probably not improperly applied," 
the presiding judge having been the subject of the 
alleged defamation and the juries having been, it 
is at least charged, packed with Keith's enemies. 
Budd accompanied Keith to England to defend 
him — unavailingly, as it turned out — before the 
yearly meeting of the Friends ; but, whereas Keith 
ultimately became a clergyman of the established 
church and was famous for his success in the con- 
version of Quakers, Budd joined the Baptists 

*" Issues of the Press in Pennsylvania," vol, i, p. 30. 

— 11 — 



INTRODUCTION 

and preached among them. * He died in Philadel- 
phia February 15, 1697-8, leaving four surviving 
children. His oldest son, John,f after serving as 
sheriff of Philadelphia County, removed to what 
is now Morris County, N. J., where for many years 
he acted as agent of the proprietaries. He was a 
large owner of real estate in Philadelphia and 
New Jersey ; and by his wife, Rebecca Baynton, 
had ten or more children, one of whom, Sarah, 
married John Morrey, son of the first mayor of 
Philadelphia, who had been among the foremost 
of her grandfather's persecutors. Mary, daughter 
of Thomas Budd, was the mother of William 
Allen, chief -justice of Pennsylvania from 1750 to 
1774, and later a loyalist author. Thomas Budd's 
other daughter. Rose, married for her third hus- 
band a son of Mayor Edward Shippen. Mr. Arm- 
strong says that the descendants of Thomas Budd 
are comparatively few, the numerous bearers of the 
name in Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey 
being chiefly descendants of his brother William. 
Of this line were William Bradford, great-grand- 
son of the famous printer and attorney-general of 
the United States under President Washington, 
and William Bingham Baring, Lord Ashburton. 

♦Morgan Edwards's " Material toward a History of the American 
Baptists," cited by the Pennsylvania Magazine, vol, 4, p. 131. 

I Clues to information regarding the Budd family additional to 
that given by Mr. Armstrong are supplied by the Pennsylvania 
Magazine, vol. 10, p. 124. 

12 



INTRODUCTION 

Justin Winsor * notes tlie existence of original 
copies of Budd's book in the Carter-Brown and 
Lenox libraries and in the libraries of the Histor- 
ical Society of Pennsylvania and of the Friends 
in Philadelphia. There is also a copy in the Brit- 
ish Museum. Henry Stevens in his "Historical 
Nuggets" (1862) quoted a copy at ^6 166-. M. A 
copy in full levant morocco, by Pratt, belonging 
to John A. Rice of Chicago, was sold in March, 
1870, to Sabin & Sons for $155. The same copy 
fetched $150 at the sale of the library of William 
Menzies of New York (1875), when it was described 
in Sabin' s catalogue as "one of the rarest of books 
relating to Pennsylvania." It was again, pre- 
sumably, the same copy which at the sale in New 
York of S. L. M. Barlow's books in 1889 brought 
$400, although it was still incorrectly described 
as printed in London. After passing through the 
hands of two dealers and one collector, it reached 
Dodd, Mead & Co., who advertised it in their 
November, 1900, catalogue for $700, and sold it 
at that price to a private collector whose name is 
not given. Between 1895 and 1900 a somewhat 
inferior copy was sold by the same firm to E. E. 
Ayer of Chicago at a price not named. A copy 
in the Brinley collection, which was uncut and 
therefore was described as of "excessive rarity," 
although the genuineness of the last leaf had 

* "Narrative and Critical History of America," vol. 3, p. 499. 

— 13 — 



INTRODUCTION 

been questioned, brought $160 in 1880; it is now 
owned by E. D. Church of Brooklyn. The dis- 
covery that the book was one of the very earliest 
products of Bradford's press has greatly enhanced 
its value, and June 9, 1902, Quaritch paid ^125 
to Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge of London for the 
copy in the collection of Marshall C. Lefferts of 
New York, which was in full morocco, uncut, by 
Bedford, although it was asserted that two of the 
leaves were in facsimile. The Gowans reprint 
included fifty * tall copies, and the small- paper 
edition was described as ' ' quite limited. ' ' 

The following are titles of other publications 
attributed to Budd: 

A True and Perfect account of the disposal of the one hundred 
Shares or Proprieties of the Province of West-New- Jersey, by 
Edward Bylling, dated the 13th of July, 1685. 

A note in Joseph Smith's "Descriptive Cata- 
logue of Friends' Books" says: "This paper he 
unadvisedly published in print." It is the one 
to which reference is made by Mr. Hildeburn 
(p. 8) and by Budd himself (p. 75). 

A Brief answer to two papers procured from Friends in Maryland, 
the one concerning Thomas Budd's favouring John Lynan, &c. the 
other concerning his owning George Keith's Principles and Doc- 
trines. 4to. [Philadelphia.] Printed in the Year i6q2. Half page. 

A Just Rebuke to several Calumnies, Lyes and Slanders Reported 
against Thomas Budd. 4to. . [Printed by William Bradford, Phila- 
delphia?]. I p. 

*Sabin says sixty in his " Dictionary of Books Relating to Amer- 
ica," vol. 3, p. 84. 

— 14 — 



INTRODUCTION 

Mr. Hildeburn says in his ' ' Issues of the Press 
in Pennsylvania : " "In this tract Budd gives a 
statement of the Keithian doctrines, and recites 
various stories circulated concerning himself. 
Two of these, with extracts from his answers, are 
as follows : It was reported ' That I did weep so 
much at a meeting as to wet Two Handkerchiefs 
of three Quarters of a yard each, and all in deceit. 
To which I say, this is a great Lye.' 'It was 
reported by Arthur Cook that I struck him on the 
face in the public Meeting in Philadelphia. This 
is to signify to all who are desirous to know the 
truth of the matter . . . that while G. K. 
was declaring I stept between G. K. and him to 
keep him off from staring him in the face, but 
Arthur pressing to get close to G. K. I stood in 
his way, and Arthur said Wilt thou push me? 
No said I, but I think to stand in the way, and 
not let thee come close to him, and withal in a 
familiar way, I did gently stroke his face, as a 
nurse would do a sucking child . . . intend- 
ing no hurt.' " 

A Testimony for Truth against error. [About 1697.] 

The following tracts were written by Budd in 
conjunction with others: 

An Expostulation with Thomas Lloyd, Samuell Jennings, and the 
rest of the Twenty-eight unjust Judges and Signers of the Paper of 
Condemnation against George Keith and the rest of his Friends. 
And Complaint for a Public Hearing and Tryal before all impartial 
People. 4to. [Printedby William Bradford, Philadelphia, 1692.] i p. 

— 15 — 



INTRODUCTION 

Signed by Budd, Bradford, and others. It was 
reprinted in the following: 

A True copy of Three Judgments given forth by a Party of Men, 
called Quakers, at Philadelphia, against George Keith and his 
Friends, With two answers to the said Judgments. 4to. [Philadel- 
phia, printed by William Bradford, 1692.] 2 pp. 

A Testimony and Caution to such as do make a profession of 
Truth, who are in scorn called Quakers, and more especially such 
who profess to be Ministers of the Gospel of Peace, that they should 
not be concerned in Worldly Government. 4to. [Philadelphia, 
printed, 1692.] i>i PP. 

Note : ' ' Given forth at the Monethly Meeting of 
the Christian People, called Quakers, at the House 
of Philip James, the 28th of the 12th Month, 1692. 
And ordered to go forth in the Name and by the 
Appointment of the said Meeting." With a post- 
script by Thomas Budd and John Hart. 

The Plea of the Innocent against the False Judgement of the 
Guilty, being a Vindication of George Keith, and his Friends, who 
are joyned with him in the present Testimony, from the false Judge- 
ment, Calumnies, False Informations and Defamations of Samuell 
Jenings, John Simcock, Thomas Lloyd, and others joyned with 
them, being in number Twenty Eight. Directed by way of Epistle 
to faithful Friends of Truth in Pennsilvania, East and West Jersey, 
and elsewhere, as occasion requireth. Given forth in behalf of 
Themselves, and their Friends concerned with them in this Testi- 
mony ; by order of our Meeting. By George Keith, Thomas Budd. 
4to. [Philadelphia, printed. 1692.] 3 pp. 

This was the tract which caused Budd's indict- 
ment, as already noted. The following is also 
attributed to Budd and Keith in collaboration : 

False Judgments Reprehended: And a Just Reproof to Tho. 
Everndon, And his Associates and Fellow-Travellers. For the 
False and rash Judgment T. E. gave against G. K. and his faithful 
Friends and Brethren, at the Publick Meeting at Philadelphia, the 
27. of 10. Mon. 1692. And also for their bringing with them their 
Paquet of Letters (Saul-like to Damascus) containing the false 

— 16 — 



INTRODUCTION 

judgment of a faction of men, calling themselves the Yearly-Meet- 
ing at Tredoven in Maryland the 4 of 8. Mon. 92. And another false 
Judgment contained in another Letter from William Richardson, 
All which will return upon their own heads. [Philadelphia: William 
Bradford. 1692.] 8vo. 8 pp. 

The Great Doctrines of the Gospel of Christ, Owned, Believed 
and asserted in several Declarations or Sermons Preached in Lon- 
don by Sundry Servants of Christ of the Society of Christian Qua- 
kers. London, Printed for Nath. Crouch, at the Bell in the Poultry, 
near Cheapside. i2mo. 1694. 9 pp. 

This consists solely of sermons by Budd, Keith, 
and others. The name Christian Quakers was 
adopted by the Keithians to distinguish themselves 
from the sect from which they had separated. 
Budd's name is among those signed to still other 
tracts published by Keith's followers. 

Feederick J. Shepard. 



17 — 



BUDDS PENNSYLVANIA 
AND NEW JERSEY 

[PHILADELPHIA : WILLIAM BRADFORD] 

1685 



Title-page and text reprinted from a oopy of the 

original edition in the Lenox Library, 

New York City. 



■ Good Order EHM'tJhed 

AMERICA/ 

Being a true Account of the Country j 

With it§ Produce and Commodities there made. I 

And the great Improvements that may be made hy 
~ means of i^ublicfe^toje^i^outejS^ fori^emp, :fflaiC an^ 

^innen^ClOtlj ; alfo, the Advantages of a jBubiidi* / 
jg^Cl^OOl, the Profits of a }^ttbUck^^:J3anfe, andthcFi-ob^- 

biUty of its arifing, if thoft dil-i&ftions here laid dbwn are , j 

followed/ With the advantages of pubhck(0janat;iCj9(» , f; 

Likcwife, feveral ether things needful to be underfteod by ;.^ 

thofe that are ox do intend t^- be concerned in planting in. 'j 

the fa id Countries* , ' . * ■ , .\ ! 

AJl which is laid down very, plain, in this fipairTTfeatlfe J it ' i 

being eafie to be underftood by any ordiriafy Capadty* ' To yj 

which the Reader is referred for his further la tiisra^ioii, • \ | 



"By 'Thomas "Budd. 



fronted in the Year' i 1$%")^ 



t 






Those that have generous Spirits, whose desires 

and Endeavours are to bring the Creation 

into Order, do I dedicate This, the 

first Fruits of my Endeavours. 

I Taking into consideration the distressed Condition 
that many thousand, Families lie under in my 
Native Country, by reason of the deadness of Trade, and 
want of work, and believing that many that have great 
store of Money that lies by them unimploy'd, would be 
ivilling and ready to assist and encourage those poor 
distressed People, by supplying them ivith Monies, in 
order to bring them out of that Slavery and Poverty 
they groan under, if they might do it tvith safety to 
themselves. These Considerations put me on writing 
this small Treatise, wherein I hope the Reader will have 
full Satisfaction, that the Rich may help to relieve the 
Poor, and yet reap great Profit and Advantage to them- 
selves by their so doing, which if it so happen that 
Rich and Poor are benefitted by following the Advice 
here given, then will be answered the heaiiy Desires of 
Your True and Well-wishing Friend, 

THOMAS BVDD. 
It is to be noted, that the Government of these 
Countries is so settled by Concessions, and such 
care taken by the establishment of certain funda- 
mental Laws, by which every Man's Liberty and 
Property, both as Men and Christians, are pre- 
served ; so that none shall be hurt in his Person, 
Estate or Liberty for his Religious Perswasion or 
Practice in Worship towards God. 

— 23 — 



PENNSYLVANIA* and Neiv-Jersy in America 
lieth in about forty and forty two Degrees of 
North Latitude, and is severed the one from the 
other by the River of Delmcare on the West, and 
seperated from New-Yorl- Collony by Sandj/-hoock- 
Bay, and part of Hndsons River on the East. The 
dayes in the Winter are about two hours longer, 
and in the Summer two hours shorter than in 
England, the Summer somewhat hotter, which 
causeth the Fruits and Corn somewhat to ripen 
faster than in England, and the Harvest for Wheat, 
Rye and Barley, being about the latter end of June. 
In the Winter season it is cold and freezing 

*Mr. Armstrong observes that Budd's book was doubtless sug- 
gested by " England's Improvement by Sea and Land, to outdo the 
Dutch without Fighting; to pay Debts without Money; to set at 
Work all the Poor of England with the Growth of our own Lands ; 
to prevent unnecessary Suits in Law, with the Benefit of a Volun- 
tary Register," etc., London, 1681, by Andrew Yarranton, parlia- 
mentary soldier, ironworker, civil engineer, philanthropist, and 
controversialist; whose book is said by John R. McCulloch in his 
" Literature of Political Economy " to " present a curious medley of 
practicable and useful, and of impracticable and useless, or perni- 
cious, suggestions. ' ' There are interesting articles about Yarranton 
in the " Dictionary of National Biography," vol. 63, p. 284, and in 
R. H. I. Palgrave's "Dictionary of Political Economy," vol. 3, 
p. 681. 

— 25 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Weather, and sometimes Snow, but commonly 
very clear and Sun-shine, which soon dissolves it. 

The Country is well Watered, the River of Dela- 
ware being navigable for Ships ot great burthen 
to Burlington,* which from the Capes, or entrance, 
is accounted an hundred and forty Miles ; and for 
Sloops to the Falls, which is about ten miles 
farther. 

The Bay of Sandy-hoock on East-Jersy is a safe 
and excellent Harbour for any Fleet of Ships, 
which can lie there in all Weathers, and go in 
and out to Sea in Winter, as well as Summer, and 
Ships of great Burthen can lie close to the Town 
of Nen--Perth,\ which renders it a good Scituation 
for Navigation, from whence in six Hours time at 
most. Ships can go out into the Sea; and close by 
the Town of Perth runs up Bar Hon River. From 
the Falls of Delaware River the Indians go in Can- 
nows up the said River, to an Indian Town called 
Minisincks, which is accounted from the Falls 
about eighty Miles ; but this they perform by great 
Labour in setting up against the Stream; but 

* Burlington, N. J., was first called New Beverley and then Brid- 
lington, of which Burlington is a corruption, both Beverley and 
Bridlington being towns of Yorkshire, from which part of the settlers 
came. On some old maps the name appears as " Bridlington, vulgo 
Burlington." In numerous cases the corrupted spelling of English 
town names was given to American settlements — as Pomfret for 
Pontefract, and Killingworth for Kenilworth. 

t Perth Amboy. Named after the earl of Perth, one of the pro- 
prietaries of East Jersey. Amboy is from the Indian word ambo, 
meaning "point." 

— 26 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

they can come down with ease and speed; the 
Kiver from the Falls runs from the North and 
North- West about twenty miles, as I my self 
observed in my Travel so far by the River, but by 
the Indians Information, it cometh about more 
Easterly farther up. I have been informed, that 
aibovii Minisincks,^ by the River-side, both m.Netv- 
Jersey and Pennsylvania is great quantities of 
exceeding rich open Land, which is occasioned by 
washing down of the Leaves and Soil in great 
Rains from the Mountains, which Land is exceed- 
ing good, for the raising of Hemp and Flax, Wheat, 
or any other sorts of Corn, Fruits, Roots &c. 
Where in time may be conveniently settled a 
Manufacture for the making of Linnen-Cloth, Cor- 
dage, Twine, Sacking, Fishing-Nets, and all other 
Commodities commonly made of Hemp or Flax: 

* Samuel W. Eager in his " Outline History of Orange County" 
says that Minisink is a corruption of the Indian word i^//«jz'^j. He 
relates a tradition that, before the Delaware River broke through the 
mountain at the Water Gap, the lands for thirty or forty miles bor- 
dering upon it were covered by a lake, but became drained by the 
breaking down of that part of the dam which confined it, and that 
a part of a tribe of Indians from New Jersey settled upon these 
lands from which the waters had retired. The lands were called 
Minsies, signifying " lands from which the water had gone," and 
the name was afterward applied to the Indians themselves. The 
tradition that miners from Holland were at work in the mine-holes 
of Minisink previous to the surrender of New York to the English, 
to which Mr. Armstrong devotes several pages of notes, is discussed 
at some length in James F. Quinlan's " History of Sullivan County," 
pp. 378-388, with the conclusion that there is no evidence that the 
Minisink country was settled previous to 1697, when Captain Arent 
Schuyler received a patent for lands in the valley. 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

And after great Rains, we may bring down great 
quantities of Goods in flat-bottom -Boats, built for 
that purpose, which will then come down, by rea- 
son of the Land -floods with speed. 

And into this River, betwixt the Capes and the 
Falls, run many navigable Rivers and Cricks, 
some of them fifteen or twenty Miles, and others 
less, which Rivers and Cricks are made by the 
plenty of Springs and Brooks, that run out of the 
Country, many of which Brooks are so consider- 
able, as to be fit to drive Mills. And above the 
falls, in travelling of twenty Miles by the Rivers 
side, I went over twenty runnings of Water, five 
or six of them being fit to build Mills on. 

The Country for the most part is pretty leavel, 
until we come about ten Miles above the Falls, 
where it is Mountanious for many Miles, but 
interlaced with fertile Valleys. The Bay and 
River of Delaware, and the Rivers and Cricks that 
runs into it, are plentifully stored with various 
sorts of good Fish and Water -Fowl, as Swans, Geese, 
Ducks, Wigeons* &G. And a considerable Whale- 
Fishery, may be carried on in the Bay of Delaware, 
and on the Sea-Coasts of Neiv-Jersey, there being 
TF/^a/e-Fisheries already begun, plenty of Whales 

*Dr. Johnson defines wigeon as " a waterfowl, not unlike a wild 
duck, but not so large." But the word seems to have been used in 
England formerly with little discrimination, though it is now 
attempted to confine it to the whistling duck, genus Mareca, sub- 
family anatincB. 

— 28 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

being by experience found there, and the Winter- 
time being the time for the catching them, they 
will not thereby be hindred of raising there Sum- 
mer-Crops; and the Oyl and Bone being good 
commodities to be sent for England, there also 
being in the Bay of Delaware and Sandy-hoock, 
Drums, Sheeps-heads, Bass, and other sorts of large 
Fish, which may be fit to salt up in Casks to keep 
for use, and Transportation also. There are great 
plenty of Oysters, which may be pickled and put 
up in small Casks for use. Likewise, in Delaware 
River are great plenty of Sturgion, which doubt- 
less might be a good Trade, if mannaged by such 
Persons as are skilful in the boyling and pickling 
of them, so as to preserve them good to Barhadoes, 
and other adjacent Islands. There are also in 
the Spring great quantities of a sort of Fish like 
Herrings: with plenty of the Fish called Shads, 
but not like the Shads in England, but of another 
kind, being a much better sort of Fish; the Inhab- 
itants usually catch quantities, which they salt up, 
and pack them in Barrels for Winter's Provision. 
The Lands from the Capes, to about six Miles 
above Neiv-Castle (which is by estimation ninety 
Miles) is for the most part very rich, there being 
very many navigable Cricks on both sides of the 
River, and on the River and Cricks are great 
quantities of rich fat Marsh Land, which causeth 
those parts, to some fresh People, to be somewhat 

— 29 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

unliealthful in the latter part of the Summer, at 
which time some of them have Agues: Also in and 
near these Marshes, are small Flies, called Muske- 
toeSy which are troublesome to such People as are 
not used to them ; but were those Marshes banked, 
and drained, and then plowed and sowed, some 
Years with Corn, and then with English Hay-seed, 
I do suppose it would be healthful, and very little 
troubled with Musket oes; and if Cattle did com- 
monly feed on this Ground, and tread it as in 
England, I suppose it would not be inferior to the 
rich Meadows on the River of Thames; and were 
quantities of this Land laid dry, and brought into 
Tillage, I suppose it would bear great Crops of 
Wheat, Pease and Barley, Hemp and Flax, and it 
would be very fit for Hop-Gardens, and for English 
Grass, which might serve for rich Pastures or 
Meadow. Also these Marshes are fit for Rape, 
and were Rape-MiW^ built, and the design man- 
naged, so as it would be if it were in England or 
Holland, a great Trade might be carried on, and 
many hundred Tuns of Rape-Ojl might be made 
yearly, and sent to England, to the Planters inrich- 
ment; and not only so, but would be for Mer- 
chants advantage, they thereby having Goods to 
freight their Ships, which would tend to the 
benefit of the Inhabitants in general. 

And if those Trades and Designs are carried on 
to effect, as are mentioned in this Treatise, there 

— 30 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

would naturally follow Trade and Imployment 

for SJii'p-ivrights, Boat-wrigJits, Coopers, Carpenters, 
Smiths, Ropers, Mariners, Weavers, Butchers, Bakers, 
Brewers ; and many other sorts of Trades would 
have full Imp[l]oyment. 

From six Miles above Neiv-Castle to the E'alls of 
Delaware (which is about sixty Miles) and so to the 
Head of the said River, the Water is clear, fresh, 
and fit for Brewing, or any other use. 

The Air clear and good, it being supposed to be 
as healthful as any part of England. 

The Land is in Veins, some good, and some 
bad, but the greatest part will bear good Corn, as 
Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Indian Corn, Buck- Wheat, 
Pease and Indian Beans, &c. 

Fruits that grow natural in the Countries are 
Strawberries, Cramherries, Huckleherries, Blackber- 
ries, Medlers,* Grapes, Plums, Hickery-Niits, Wal- 
nuts, Mulberies, Chestnuts, Hasselnuts, &c. 

Garden Fruits groweth well, as Cabbage, Col- 
worts,-^ Colliflowers, Sparagrass, Carrots, Parsneps, 
Turnups, Oynions, Cowcumbers, Pumkins, Water-Mel- 

* The medlar-tree is the Mespilus germanica, related to the crab- 
apple, the fruit of which, resembling a small, brown-skinned apple, 
is harsh and uneatable until it has begun to decay. Hence Rosalind 
says to Touchstone: "You'll be rotten ere you be half ripe, and 
that's the right virtue of the medlar." — " As You Like It," act 3, 
sc. 2, 1. 126. 

t Cabbage, especially a cabbage that does not heart. The word 
offers an illustration of the disappearance of the old English words 
" kale" and " wurt" in favor of the more Frenchified " cabbage." 

— 31 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Ions, Musk-Mellons, Squashes, Potatoes, Currants, 
Goosherries, Roses, Cornations, Tulips, Grarden- 
Herbs, Flowers, Seeds, Fruits, &c. for such as 
grow in England, certainly will grow here. 

Orchards of Apples, Pears, Quinces, Peaches, Apre- 
cocks, Plums, Cheries, and other sorts of the usual 
Fruits of England may be soon raised to good 
advantage, the Trees growing faster than in Eng- 
land, whereof great quantities of Sider may be 
made. And were Glass-houses erected to furnish 
us with Bottles, we might have a profitable Trade, 
by sending Slder to Jamaico and Barhadoes, &c. 
ready bottled, which is commonly so sent from 
Herefordshire to London. 

It is supposed that we may make as good Wines 
as in France, (if Vineyards were planted on the 
sides of Hills or Banks, which are defended from 
the cold North- West Winds) with such Vines as 
the French-raen commonly make those Wines of ; 
for the Climate is as proper as any part of France, 
therefore it is rational to believe, that the Wines 
will be as rich and good as in France. There are 
some Vineyards already planted in Petmsglvania, 
and more intended to be planted by some French- 
Protestants,* and others, that are gone to settle 
there. 

* Traces of the Huguenot emigration to the Delaware valley after 
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes are found in the presence of 
such names as Cuddeback, Depew, and Gumaer in Orange County, 
N. Y., and thereabouts. 

— 32 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Several other Commodities may be raised here, 
as Rice, which is known to have been sown for a 
tryal, and it grew very well, and yielded good 
encrease. 

Also Annis-Seeds I have been informed groweth 
well, and might be a profitable Commodity, there 
being great Quantities used in England by Distil- 
lers. 

Liquorish doubtless would grow very well. And 
I question not but that Mather* Woad, and other 
Plants and Roots for Dyers use might be raised. 
Shuemack groweth naturally. Also several useful 
Drugs grow naturally, as Sassafrass, Sassaperella, 
Callatnus, Aromaticus, Snake-Root, Jalla/ppa,\ &c. 

The Pine-Tree groweth here, out of which is made 
Pitch, Tar, Rosin, and Turpentine: In New-Eyigland 
some make quantities of Tar out of the knots of 
Pine Trees, with which they supply themselves 
and others. 

There are many other sorts of Plants, Roots and 
Herbs of great Virtue, which grow here, which 
are found to cure such Distempers as the People 
are insident to. 

Hops in some places grow naturally, but were 

* Madder, a plant akin to the bedstraw, from the roots of which a 
red dye is obtained. Woad is a cruciferous plant, from the root 
leaves of which a blue dye was extracted until it was superseded by 
indigo. 

t Jalap, an oldtime cathartic of great repute. It takes its name 
from the Mexican town from which it was first exported in 1610. 

— 33 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

i/6»/j-Gardens planted in low rich Land, quantities 
might be raised to good advantage. 

There is no Lhne Stone as we yet know of, but 
we make Lime of Oyster Shels, which by the Sea 
and Bay side are so plentiful, that we may load 
Ships with them. 

There are several sorts of good Clay, of which 
Bricks, Earthen-Ware, and Tobacco-Pipes are 
made; and in some places there are Quaries of a 
ruf hard Stone, which are good to wall Cellars, 
and some Stone fit for Pavement. 

The Trees grow but thin in most places, and 
very little under-Wood. In the Woods groweth 
plentifully a course sort of Grass, which is so 
proving that it soon makes the Cattel and Horses 
fat in the Summer, but the Hay being course, 
which is chiefly gotten on the fresh Marshes, the 
Cattel loseth their Flesh in the Winter, and 
become very poor, except we give them Corn : But 
this may be remydied in time, by draining of low 
rich Land, and by plowing of it, and sowing it 
with English-GrsLSS-seed, which here thrives very 
well. 

The Hogs are fat in the Woods when it is a good 
Mast-Year. 

The Woods are furnished with store of Wild 
Fowl, as Turkeys, Phesants, Heath-Cocks, Partridges, 
Pidgeons, Blackbirds, &c. And People that will 
take the pains to raise the various sorts of tame 

— 34 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Fowl, may do it with as little trouble, and less 
charge, than they can in England, by reason of 
what they find in the Woods. 

Bees are found by the experience of several that 
keep them, to thrive very well. 

I do not question but that we might make good 
strong sound Beer, Ale and Mum* that would keep 
well to Barbadoes the Water being good, and 
Wheat and Barley in a few Years like to be very 
plentiful: Great quantities of Beer, Ale Sindi Mum 
is sent yearly from London, and other places, to 

*" The process of making mum as recorded in the Townhouse of 
Brunswick, the place of most note for this liquor, is as follows: Take 
sixty-three gallons of water that has been boiled to the consumption 
of a third part ; brew it with seven bushels of wheaten malt, one 
bushel of oat malt, and one bushel of ground beans; when it is 
turned let not the hogshead be too full at first ; and as soon as it 
begins to work, put into it of the inner rind of fir three pounds, tops 
of fir and birch each one pound, carduus benedictus three handfuls, 
flowers of rosa solis one handful or two; burnet, betony, marjoram, 
avens, pennyroyal, wild thyme, of each a handful and a half; of 
elderflowers two handfuls, or more; seeds of cardamom bruised 
thirty ounces ; barberries bruised one ounce ; put the herbs and seeds 
into the vessel when the liquor has worked a while; and, after they 
are added, let the liquor be worked over the vessel as little as may 
be ; then fill it up. Lastly when it is stopped, put into the hogshead 
ten new-laid eggs, unbroken or uncracked, stop it up close, and 
drink it at two years' end. ( )ur English brewers use cardamom, 
ginger, and sassafras, instead of the inner rind of fir ; and add, also, 
walnut rinds, madder, red sanders, and elecampagne. " — Rees's 
" Cyclopaedia." 

" A sort of beverage called mum, a species of fat ale, brewed from 
wheat and bitter herbs, of which the present generation only know 
the name by its occurrence in revenue acts of parliament, coupled 
with cider, perry, and other excisable commodities. Lovel . 
with difficulty refrained from pronouncing it detestable." — Scott's 
" Antiquary," ch. ii. 

— 35 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Barhadoes, Jamaica, and other Islands in America^ 
where it sells to good advantage; and if Beer, Ale 
and Mum, hold good from England to those places, 
which 'tis said is above one thousand Leagues; I 
question not but if it be well brewed in a season- 
able time of the Year, and put up in good Casks, 
but it will keep good to be Transported from Dela- 
ware Eiver to those Islands aforesaid, which by 
computation, is not above half so far. If Mer- 
chants can gain by sending Beer, Ale and Mum 
from England, where Corn is dear, and Freight 
is dear, by reason of the length of the Voyage, we 
in all probability must get much more, that buy 
our Corn cheap, and pay less Freight. 

Flower and Bisket may be made in great quanti- 
ties in a few Years, the Wheat being very good, 
which seldom fails of finding a good Market at 
Barhadoes, Jamaica, and the Carieb Islands : great 
quantities are sent yearly from London, and other 
places, which if they can make Profit of it, we 
much more for the Reasons already given. 

Pork is but about half the price as in England, 
therefore the Inhabitants will seldom have their 
Market spoiled by any that come from England, of 
which Commodity the Inhabitants in a few Years 
will have Quantities to sell to the Merchant, which 
is salted, and packed in Barrels, and so trans- 
ported to Jamaica, Barhadoes, Nevis, and other 
Islands. Hams of Bacon are also made, much 

-36- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

after the same manner as in West-Falia, and the 
Bacon eats much like it. 

Our Beef in the Fall is very fat and good, and 
we are likely in a few Years to have great Plenty, 
which will serve our Families, and furnish Ship- 
ping. 

Our Mutton is also fat, sound and good, being 
only fed with natural Grass ; but if we sprinkle 
but a little English Hay-Seed on the Land without 
Plowing, and then feed Sheep on it, in a little 
time it will so encrease, that it will cover the Land 
with English Grass, like unto our Pastures in 
England, provided the Land be good. We find 
the Profits of Sheep are considerable. 

Our Butter is very good, and our Cheese is indif- 
ferent good, but when we have Pastures of English 
Grass, (which many are getting into) then I sup- 
pose our Cheese will be as good as that of England. 

Our Horses* are good serviceable Horses, fit 
both for Draught and Saddle, the Planters will 
ride them fifty Miles a day, without Shoes, and 
some of them are indifferent good shapes ; of which 



*Mr. Armstrong notes that William Penn had an Englishman's 
love for a good horse, and he quotes Dixon's life of Penn as follows: 
' ' At his first visit to America, he carried over three blood mares, a 
fine white horse, not of full breed, and other inferior animals, not 
for breeding but for labor. His inquiries about the mares were as 
frequent and minute as those about the gardens ; and when he went 
out for the second time, in 1699, he took with him the magnificent 
colt, Tamerlane, by the celebrated Godolphin Barb, to which the 
best horses in England trace their pedigree." 

— 37 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

many Ships are freighted yearly from New-England 
with Horses to Barhadoes, Nevis, and other places; 
and some Ships have also been freighted out of 
Pennsylvania and New-Jersey with Horses to Bar- 
hadoes; but if we had some choise Horses from 
England, and did get some of the best of our 
Mares, and keep them well in the "Winter, and in 
Pastures inclosed in the Summer, to prevent there 
going amongst other Horses, we might then have 
a choice breed of Horses, which would tend much 
to the advantage of the Inhabitants. 

The Commodities fit to send to England, besides 
what are already named, are the Skins of the sev- 
eral wild Beasts that are in the Country, as Elks, 
Deer, Beaver, Fisher, Bear, Fox, Rackoon, Marten, 
Otter, Woolf, Muskquash, Mink, Cat, &c. 

Potashes may be here made, and Soap, not only 
to the supply of our selves, but to sell to our 
Neighbours. 

Also Iron * may be here made, there being one 
Jrow- Work already in ^Sist- Jersey. 

*"In Mr. William Reed Deane's ' Genealogical Memoirs of the 
Leonard Family,' already noticed, it is said that Henry Leonard left 
Rowley village, Massachusetts, early in 1764, ' and at that time, or 
soon after, went to New Jersey, establishing the iron manufacture 
in that state. ' His sons Samuel, Nathaniel, and Thomas probably 
left Rowley village soon after their father's departure and followed 
him to New Jersey. Bishop says that Shrewsbury, a township lying 
northwest of Long Branch, in Monmouth county, was settled by 
Connecticut people soon after New Jersey was surrendered to the 
English by the Dutch in 1664, and that it was ' to this part of Jer- 
sey ' that Henry Leonard removed. About the time of the Connecti- 

— 38- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Likewise, we may furnish Merchants with Pipe- 
Staves, and other Coopers Timber and Hoops. 

The Woolen Manufacture may be mannaged in 
Pennsylvania and New-Jersey, to good advantage, 
the upper parts of the Country being very fit for 
the keeping of Sheep, the Wool being found to be 
good, and the Sheep not subject to the Rot : The 
Ewes commonly after the first time, bring two 
Lambs at once. 

But it maybe queried. How shall the Sheep be 
preserved from the Woolf? 

I answer; Get such a Flock as it may answer 
the charge, for a boy to make it his full Employ- 
ment to look alter them, and let them be pend at 
Night in a House or Fold provided for that purpose. 
If one man have not enough to imploy a Shep- 
herd, then let several joyn their Stock together. 

cut settlement James Grover, who had resided on Long Island, also 
settled in Shrewsbury, and is said to have established iron works in 
that township, which he afterwards sold to Colonel Lewis Morris, 
then a merchant of Barbadoes, but born in England. On October 
26, 1676, a grant of land was made to Colonel Morris, with full liberty 
to him and his heirs ' to dig, delve, and carry away all such mines 
for iron as they shall find or see fit to dig and carry away to the iron 
work,' which grant establishes the fact that the iron works in 
Shrewsbury were built prior to 1676, and that they were then owned 
by Colonel Morris. They were probably undertaken about 1674, the 
year in which Henry Leonard is said to have emigrated from Massa- 
chusetts to New Jersey. They were the first iron works in New 
Jersey." — James M. Swank's " History of the Manufacture of Iron 
in All Ages," p. 146. Mr. Swank adds that the Shrewsbury works 
do not seem to have had a long life. Colonel Lewis Morris was the 
uncle of Lewis Morris, chief-justice of New York and governor of 
New Jersey. 

— 39 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

But it may be queried, Where shall Wool he gotten 
to carry on the Woollen Manufacture, untill we have 
of our own raising ? 

I answer; in Boad-Islanrl,* and some other 
adjacent Islands and Places, Wool maybe bought 
at six Pence a Pound, and considerable quantities 
may be there had, which will supply until we can 
raise enough of our own. 

Also, we may have Cotton-Wool j- from Barha- 
does, and other adjacent Islands in returns for our 
Provisions that we send them. So that the mak- 
ing of Cotton-Cloth and Fustians may be likewise 
made to good advantage, the Cotten-Wool being 
purchased by the growth of our own Country ; and 
the Linnen-Yarn being spun by our own Families, 
of Flax, of our own growth and ordering. 

The Tanning-TTSide and Shoemaking maybe here 
mannaged to good advantage, Hides being plenty, 
and to be had at moderate Prices, and Bark to be 
had for only the charge in getting it. 

*" According to the statement of William Harris, of Rhode Island, 
in 1675, respectable authority preserved in the British Colonial State 
Papers, the New Englanders exported wool to France for linen, and 
to Spain or Portugal for wines, etc." — William B. Weeden's 
" Economic and Social History of New England," vol. i, p. 305. 

t Barbados was the first of the English colonies in the West Indies, 
and cotton was exported to England from the island almost from its 
settlement. During the infancy of the trade English spinners 
received seventy-five per cent, of the cotton consumed from the 
West Indies, and the remainder from the Levant. In what is now 
the United States cotton was little more than a garden plant until 
after the Revolution. 

— 40 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

A Skinner that can dress Skins in Oyl, may do 
very well ; for we have Elk skins, and plenty of 
Buck and Doe skins, which the Inhabitants give 
(at Neiv York, where there are such Trades) one 
half for dressing the other. 

There ought to be puhlick Store-Houses provided 
for all Persons to bring their Flax, Hemp and 
Linnen Cloth to, where it may be preserved clean 
and dry at a very small Charge, and the owner at 
liberty to take it out at his own will and pleasure, 
or to sell, transfer or assign it to any other. Now 
the Hemp, Flax and Linnen Cloth being brought 
into the publick Store-House, and the Quantity, 
Quality and Value of it there registred in the 
Book, to be kept for that purpose ; and the Person 
that hath put in the said Hemp, Flax and Linnen 
Cloth, taking a Note under the Hand and Seal, 
from the Store-house Register, of the quantity, 
quality and value of the Hemp Flax, and Linnen 
Cloth brought into the publick Store- House, with 
the time it was delivered ; these Notes will pass 
from one man to another all one as Money: As 
for Example, Suppose I am a Merchant, that am 
furnished with divers sorts ol goods, I sell them 
to a Planter, and receive their Notes which they 
had from the Store-house Registry, in pay for my 
goods, to the value of one hundred Pounds. I 
buy of the Clothier in Woolen Cloth to the value 
of sixty pounds, and of the Roper in Cordage to 

— 41 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

the value of forty pounds ; 1 pay them by these 
Notes on the Store-house; the Clother he buys 
Woolen Yarn of the Master of the Spinning- 
School, to the value of sixty pounds, and payes 
him by these Notes on the publick Store ; the Mas- 
ter of the Spinning-School buys of the Farmer in 
Wool to the value of sixty pounds, and pays him 
by these Notes; the Farmer buyeth of the Mer- 
chant in Goods to the value of sixty pounds, and 
pays him by these Notes ; the Merchant receiveth 
on demand, from the publick Store, in Linnen 
Cloth to the value of sixty pound, at receiving 
thereof he delivereth up the Notes to the Register 
of the publick Store, which are cancelled, and then 
filed up as Waste paper. The Roper, when he 
pleaseth, receives on demand, in Hemp to the 
value of forty pounds out of the publick Store, by 
which he is made capable of imploying his 
Servants in making of Cordage ; but he that hath 
no occasion to take out this Hemp or Flax, or 
Linnen Cloth, may pass these Notes from one 
man to another, as often [as] they please, which is 
all one as ready Money at all times. 

Were the Flax and Hemp Manuf actuaries car- 
ried on to that height as it might be, it would 
greatly advance these Countries; for did we make 
our own Sail-cloth and Cordage, we could make 
Ships, Sloops and Boats at much easier Rates than 
they can build for in England^ the Timber costing 

— 42 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

us nothing but Labour. And were more Saw- 
Mills * made (of which there are divers already) 
to cut Planks and other Timber, both Ships and 
Houses might be built at easie Rates. 

Many Ship Loads of Hemp is brought yearly 
from the East Countries to England, which is 
afterward there made into Cordage, Twine, Sack- 
ing, Fishing-Nets &c. and then transported from 
thence to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Virginia, New-E^ig- 
land, and other parts of Aynerica, so that doubtless 
materials made of Hemp, must be sold in America 
by the Retailer, at double the price as it cost 
where it grew ; by which it appears that at those 
prices we should have double for our labour, to 
what they have, and our Provisions as Cheap as 
theirs, it being raised on Land that cost us little. 

1. Now It might be well if a Law were made 
by the Governours and general Assemblies of 
Pennsilvania and New-Jersey, that all Persons 
inhabiting in the said Provinces, do put their 
Children seven years to the publick School, f or 
longer, if the Parents please. 

*" In 1634 a saw mill was put in operation at the falls of the Pis- 
cataqua, between Berwick and the Cocheco branch of that river, and 
this is supposed to have been the first mill of the kind in New Eng- 
land. In New Vork as many as three mills were cons! rue* ed by the 
Dutch West India company about 1633, to run by water power or by 
wind. . . . On the Delaware saw mills were erected by the 
Dutch and Swedes before the arrival of Penn." — " American Cyclo- 
paedia." It is believed that the first saw-mill in England was not 
erected until 1767. 

f Budd's later associate in religious contention, George Keith, went 

— 43 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

2. That Schools be provided in all Towns and 
Cities, and persons of known honesty, skill and 
understanding be yearly chosen by the Governour 
and General Assembly, to teach and instruct Boys 
and Girls in all the most useful Arts and Sciences 
that they in their youthful capacities may be 
capable to understand, as the learning to Read 
and Write true English, Latine, and other useful 
Speeches and Languages, and/ff/r Writing, Arith- 
matick and Book-keeping ; and the Boys to be 
taught and instructed in some Mystery or Trade, 
as the making of Mathematical Instruments, Joynery, 
Turnery, the making of Clocks and Watches, Weav- 
ing, Shoe-making, or any other useful Trade or 
Mystery that the School is capable of teaching; 
and the Girls to be taught and instructed in Spin- 
ning of Flax and Wool, and Knitting of Gloves and 
Stockings, Sewing, and making of all sorts of use- 
ful Needle- Work, and the making of Straw-Work^ 
as Hats, Baskets, &c. or any other useful Art or 
Mystery that the School is capable of teaching. 

3. That the Scholars be kept in the Morning 
two hours at Beading, Writing, Book-keeping, dr. 
and other two hours at work in that Art, Mystery 
or Trade that he or she most delighteth in, and 

from New Jersey to Philadelphia in 1689 to become the master of a 
Quaker school. Reviewing James P. Wickersham's " History of 
Education in Pennsylvania," the Pennsylvania Magazine, vol. 10, 
p. 357, says: "It is also interesting to see how clearly our present 
public school system was foreshadowed by Thomas Budd. ' ' 

— 44 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

then let them have two hours to dine, and for 
Recreation; and in the afternoon two hours at 
Beading, Writing, &c. and the other two hours at 
work at their several Imployments. 

4. The seventh day ot the Week the Scholars 
may come to school only in the fore-noon, and at 
a certain hour in the afternoon let a Meeting be 
kept by the School-masters and their Scholars, 
where after good instruction and admonition is 
given by the Masters, to the Scholars and thanks 
returned to the Lord for his Mercies and Blessings 
that are daily received from him, then let a strict 
examination be made by the Masters, of the Con- 
versation of the Scholars in the week past, and 
let reproof, admonition and correction be given 
to the Offendors, according to the quantity and 
quality of their faults. 

5. Let the like Meetings be kept by the School- 
Mistrisses, and the Girls apart from the Boys. 
By strictly observing this good Order, our Chil- 
dren will be hindred of running into that Excess 
of Riot and Wickedness that youth is incident to, 
and they will be a comfort to their tender Parents. 

6. Let one thousand Acres of Land be given 
and laid out in a good place, to every publick 
School that shall be set up, and the Rent or 
incom of it to go towards the defraying of the 
charge of the School. 

7. And to the end that the Children of poor 

— 45 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

People, and the Children of Indians may have the 
like good Learning with the Children of Rich 
People, let them be maintained free of charge to 
their Parents, out of the Profits of the school, 
arising by the Work of the Scholars, by which the 
Poor and the Indians, as well as the Rich, will 
have their Children taught, and the Remainder of 
the Profits, if any be, to be disposed of in the 
building of School-houses, and Improvements on 
the thousand Acres of Land, which belongs to the 
School. 

The manner and Profits of a Spinning -School in 
Germany, as it is laid down by Andrew Yarenton in 
his own words, in a Book of his, call'd, England's 
Improvements by Sea and Land, take as foUoweth. 
'In Germany, where the Thred is made that 
' makes the fine Linnens, in all Towns there are 
'Schools for little Girls, six years old, and up- 
' wards, to teach them to spin, and so to bring 
' their tender fingers by degrees to spin very fine ; 
' their Wheels go all by the Foot, made to go with 
' much ease, whereby the action or motion is very 
' easie and delightful : The way, method, rule and 
'order how they are govern' d is, 1st. There is a 
' large Room, and in the middle thereof a little 
' Box like a Pulpit : 2dly, There are Benches built 
'round about the Room, as they are in Play- 
' houses, upon the benches sit about two hundred 
' Children spinning, and in the box in the middle 

-46- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

' of the Room, sits the grand Mistress with a long 
'white Wand in her hand; if she observe any of 
' them idle, she reaches them a tap, but if that 
' will not do, she rings a bell, which by a little 
' Cord is fixed to the box, and out comes a Woman, 
' she then points to the Offendor, and she is taken 
' away into another Room and chastized ; and all 
'this is done without one word speaking: In a 
' little Room by the School there is a Woman that 
'is preparing, and putting Flax on the Distaffs, 
' and upon the ringing of a Bell, and pointing the 
' Rod at the Maid that hath spun off her Flax, she 
' hath another Distaff given her, and her Spool of 
' Thred taken from her, and put into a box unto 
' others of the same size, to make Cloth, all being 
' of equal Threds. Isf. They raise their Children, 
' as they spin finer, to the higher Benches : 2. 
' They sort and size all the Threds, so that they 
' can apply them to make equal Cloths ; and after 
'a young Maid hath been three years in the 
' Spinning-School, that is taken in at six, and then 
'continues until nine years, she will get eight 
' pence the day, and in these parts 1 speak of, a 
' man that has most Children, lives best. 

Now were Spinning- Schools settled in the prin- 
cipal Cities and Towns in Pennsij[l\vania and New- 
Jerscg, and a Law made to oblige the Parents of 
Children, to put their Children to School, we 
should then soon come into such a way of making 

— 47 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Linnen- Cloth, as that we should not only have 
sufficient fo[r] our own supply, but also should 
have quantities to sell to the Inhabitants of our 
own neighbouring Provinces, where it will sell at 
considerable Prices, they being usually supplied 
from Englmid, where it must be dear, after Freight, 
Custom, and other charges at Importation, with 
the Merchants profit considered ; and yet never- 
theless this Cloth, thus dear bought will sell in 
New-England, Virginia, and some other places in 
America, at thirty Pound per cent profit, above the 
first cost in England, and the Moneys paid by Bills 
of Exchange, and the Retailer makes commonly 
on Goods thus bought not less than twenty Pounds 
per Cent, profit: So that if all things be considered, 
the Cloth is sold in America, to the Planter at full 
double the price as it cost from the maker in 
France or Germany, from whence its brought to 
England, by which it doth appear, that if we do 
get such Prices for the Cloth that we make, then 
we shall have double for our Labour to what they 
have ; therefore it may be well that a Law were 
made for the encouragement of the Linnen Manu- 
facture by the Governours and General Assemblies, 
that all Persons inhabiting in Pennsylvania, or 
New- Jersey, that keep a Plow, do sow one Acre of 
Flax, and two Acres of Hemp, which would be a 
means of supplying us with Flax and Hemp, to 
carry on the Manufacturies of Linnen-Cloth and 

— 48 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Cordage ; and also would be very profitable to the 
Planter, by imploying his Family in the Winter 
season, when they would have otherwise but little 
else to do, viz. the Men and Boys in Breaking and 
Dressing of it, and making it fit for use, and the 
Women and Girls in Spinning it, and nevertheless 
they may carry on their Husbandry as largely, as 
if nothing of this was done; the Husbandry- 
Affairs being chiefly betwixt the Spring and Fall. 
Now to that end that a Bank of Monies and 
Credit may be in Pennsilvania and Neiv-Jersey, a 
Law may be made, that all Monies lent on Inter- 
est be at 8 /. per Cent, by the year, and that all 
Bills and Bonds be entred on the publick Registry, 
and by Act of Assembly be made transferable by 
Assignments, so as the Property may go along 
with the Assignment; thereby a Bond or Bill will 
go in the Nature of Bills of Exchange ; and so A. 
owing 200 /. to B. he assigns him the Bond of C. 
who owed him 200 /. and C. owing D. 200 /. assigns 
him the Bond of E. who owed him 200 /. and so 
one Bond or Bill would go through twenty hands, 
and thereby be as ready Monies, and do much to 
the Benefit of Trade. Also, that all Lands and 
Houses be put under a publick Registry, and 
entred in the Book, with an account of the value 
of them, and how occupied and tenanted, a par- 
ticular thereof being given under the Hand and 
Seal of the Office to the Owners. We having 

— 49 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

thus fitted our selves with a publick Registry of 
all our Lands and Houses, whereby it is made 
ready Money at all times, without the charge of 
Law, or the necessity of a Lawyer; and a Law 
being made for the pajTiient of such large Interest 
for Monies lent, and the security being so un- 
deniably good, a Bank will in time arise, and 
such a Bank as will be for the Benefit and advan- 
tage of Pennsilvania and New- Jersey, and Trade 
universal. 

Suppose my self, and some others have in Houses 
and Lands in Pennsilvania or New- Jersey, worth 
3000 /. and are minded to mannage and carry on 
the Linnen Manufacture, but cannot do it, with- 
out borrowing on Interest 2000 /. therefore we come 
to the Bank in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey, and 
there tender a particular of our Lands and Houses, 
and how occupied or tennanted, being worth 
3000 /. in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey, and desire 
them to lend us 2000 /. and we will Mortgage our 
Land & Houses for it; the answer will be. We 
will send to the Register's Office your particular, and 
at the return of the Messenger you shall have your 
answer : The Registers send answer, it is our 
Lands and Houses, and occupied, and tenanted, 
and valued according to the particular, there 
needs no more words but to tell us the Money, 
with which we carry on the Trade briskly, to the 
great benefit and advantage of some hundreds of 

— 50 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

People that we set to work, and to the supplying 
of the Inhabitants with Cloth made of Flax, 
grown, drest, spun and wove in our own Prov- 
inces; which Trade we could not mannage and 
carry on without this credit, but having this 
credit, we go on with our Trade comfortably, and 
the Lender will have his ends answered, and his 
Moneys well secured. And its certain, such an 
Anchorage, Fund, and Foundation, will then 
bring out the Monyes unimployed from all Persons 
in these Provinces, even People of all degrees will 
put in their Monyes, which will be put out again 
into Trade to Merchants, and such as stand in 
need of ready Monyes ; and thereby Trade is made 
easie, and much convenienced. 

Suppose ten Families purchase in Pennsilvania 
or New-Jersey five thousand Acres of Land, and 
they lay out a small Township in the middle of 
it, for the conveniency of neighbourhood, to each 
Family one hundred Acres for Houses, Gardens, 
Orchards, Corn-fields and Pastures of English 
Grass, the remainder to lie in common, to feed 
their Cattel ; and suppose that by that time they 
have built their dwelling Houses, Cow-houses, 
Barns, and other Out-houses, and have made 
Inclosures about their home-lots, that their 
Monyes is all expended, and without a further 
supply to buy Oxen and Horses to plow their 
Land, and Cows to find their Families in Milk, 

— 51 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Butter and Cheese, and Sows to breed a stock on, 
they will live but meanly for some time, therefore 
to amend their condition they come to the Bank, 
and there tender a particular of their Lands, 
valued to be worth 1500 /. on which they desire 
to take up 1000 /. to purchase a Stock of Oxen, 
Horses, Cows, Sows, Sheep and Servants, by 
which they will be enabled to carry on their Hus- 
bandry to great advantage, and the benefit of the 
Province in general; and it maybe that in two 
or three years time, they may be able to pay in 
this Money, with Interest, to the owner; and in 
two or three years more may be able to bring into 
the Bank, to be lent out to others, one thousand 
pounds of their own Estates. 

As to the benefit of publtcFl OranattCS on 
Delaware River, to keep the Corn for all Mer- 
chants, Bakers and Farmers that please to send it 
thither, that so the destruction and damages occa- 
sioned by Rats and Mice, may be prevented. In 
this Granary, Corn at all times may be taken in, 
from all Persons that please to send it, and the 
Corn so sent may be preserved sweet, safe, and in 
good Order, at a small charge for a whole year, 
and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own 
will and pleasure, or to sell, transfer or assign any 
part of the said Corn to any Person or Persons 
for the payment of his Debts, or to furnish him- 
self with Clothing, or other Necessaries from the 

— 52 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Merchant ; and the Granary-keepers to give good 
security that all things should be faithfully done 
& discharged. Now the Corn being brought into 
the publick Granary, and there registred in the 
Register-Book, to be kept for that purpose; and 
the Person that hath put in said Corn, taking a 
Note under hand and seal, from the Granary- 
Register, of the quantity of Corn brought into the 
Granary, with the time it was delivered, and the 
matter and kind of the Corn, then these Advan- 
tages will ensue : 

First, Preservation from the Rats and Mice, 
Straw to supply his Cattel, the Chaff for his 
Horses, and the light Corn to feed his Pigs and 
Poultry; his Husbandry mannaged with rule and 
order to his advantage; no forc'd haste, but 
thrashing and carrying the Corn to the Granary 
in times wherein his servants have leisure ; so in 
seeding time & harvest all People are freed from 
that. Besides, there being at all times sufficient 
quantities of Corn in the Granaries to load Ships, 
Merchants from Barbadoes, and other places, will 
come to buy Corn; of one Farmer he may buy one 
hundred Bushels, of another fifty, and so he may 
buy the Corn that belongs to sixty or eighty Far- 
mers, and receive their Notes which they had 
from the Granary-Office, which Corn he letteth lie 
in the Granary until he have occasion to use it, 
then he orders his Baker to go with those notes 

— 53 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

to the Granary- Office, and receive such quantities 
as he hath a mind shall be made into Flower and 
Bisket, which the Baker does accordingly, and 
gets it packt up in Casks, and sent to Barhadoes ; 
the remainder, if he please, he may sell to some 
other Merchant that lives at Barhadoes, or some 
other place, and when sold, may deliver the said 
Merchant the Notes on the Granary-Office, at 
sight whereof they may receive their Corn, if they 
please, or they may pass those Notes from one to 
another, as often as they please, which is all one 
as Money, the Corn being lodged safe, and kept 
in the publick Granary, will be the occasion of 
imploying much of the Cash of Pennsilvania and 
Neiv-Jersey ; most People near these publick Bank- 
Granaries, will be dealing to have some Corn in 
Bank-Credit; for that cannot miss of finding an 
encrease and benefit to them in the rise of Corn. 
The best places at present for the building of 
Granaries, are, I suppose, Burlington in West-Jersey, 
Philadelphia and Neiv-Castle in Pennsilvania, and 
New Perth in East- Jersey, which places are excel- 
lently situated, there being many Navigable 
Rivers, whereby Trade is very communicable, and 
the Corn may be brought in Boats and Sloops 
from most places now inhabited, by water to these 
publick Granaries, for small charge, and from the 
Granaries may be carried to Water-Mills to grind, 
which are some of them so conveniently situated, 

— 54 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

that Boats may come to the Mill-Tayl, which is 
also a great conveniency to those that trade much 
in Corn. 

Now I will demonstrate, and shew you the 
length, breadth and heighth the Gninancs ought 
to be of, to hold this Corn ; as also the Charge of 
building one of them, and the way how it should 
be built for the best advantage, with the way of 
ordering and managing the Corn, that it may 
keep good, sweet and clean, eight or ten years. 
The Granaries must be three hundred Foot long, 
eighteen Foot wide betwixt inside and inside, 
seven Stories high, each Story seven Foot high, 
all to be built of good well burnt Brick, and laid 
in Lime and Sand very well; the ends of the 
Granaries must be set North and South, so the 
sides will be East and West ; and in the sides of 
the Granaries, there must be large Windows to 
open and shut close, that when the Wind blows 
at West, the Windows may be laid open, and then 
the Granary man will be turning and winding 
the Corn, and all Filth and Dross will be blown 
out at the Window. When the Weather is fair, 
then throw open the Windows, to let in the Air 
to the Corn; and in the middle, there must be 
Stoves to be kept with Fire in them in all moist 
or wet times, or at going away of great Frosts and 
Snow, to prevent moistness either in the Brick- 
walls, Timber, Boards or Corn. There must be in 

— 55 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

each side of the Granaries, three or four long 
Troughs or Spouts fixt in the uppermost Loft, 
which must run about twenty Foot out of the 
Granary ; and in fine Weather, the Granary men 
must be throwing the Corn out of the uppermost 
Loft, and so it will fall into another Spout made 
ten Foot wide at the top, and through that Spout 
the Corn descends into the lowermost Loft, and 
then wound up on the inside of the Granary, by 
a Crane fixt for that purpose, and the Corn receiv- 
ing the benefit of the Air, falling down thirty 
Foot before it comes into the second Spout, cleans - 
eth it from its filth and Chaff; these Spouts are 
to be taken off and on, as occasion requires, and 
to be fixt to another of the Lofts, that when Ves- 
sels come to load Corn, they may through these 
Spouts convey the Corn into the Boats or Sloops, 
without any thing of Labour, by carrying it on 
the Backs of men. 

The charge of one Granary three Hundred Foot 
long, eighteen Foot wide, seven Stories high, 
seven Foot betwixt each Story, being built with 
Brick in England, as by the Account of Andrew 
Yarenton, take as f olloweth ; Six hundred thousand 
of Bricks builds a Granary, two Bricks and a half 
thick the two first Stories, two Bricks thick the three 
next Stories, Brick and a half thick the two upper- 
most Stories ; and the Brick will be made and 
delivered on the Place for eight Shillings the Thou- 

-56- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

sand^ the laying of Brick three Shillings the Thou- 
sand, Lime and Sand two Shillings the Thousand ; 
so Brick-laying, Lime and Sand will be thirteen Shil- 
lings the Thousand, one hundred and fifty Tuns of 
Oak for Summers- Joists and Roof, 170 1. Boards for 
the six Stories, sixty thousand Foot, at 13s. 4d. The 
one hundred Foot and ten thousand Foot for Window- 
Doors and Spouts at the same rate, 48 1. Laths and 
Tiles 100 1. Carpenters work 70 1. Iron, Nails and 
odd things 60 1. So the charge of a Granary trill 
he 800 1. There will he kept in this Granary four- 
teen thousand Quarters of Corn, which is two thousand 
Quarters in every Loft, which will be a thousand 
Bushels in every Bay ; six labouring men, with one 
Clerk, will be sufficient to manage this Granary, to 
turn and wind the Corn, and keep the Books of 
Accounts ; fifteen pounds a piece allowed to the six 
men, and thirty pound a year to the Clark and Regis- 
ter, ivill be Wages sufficient ; so the Servants Wages 
will be 120 1. per annum, allow ten in the hundred 
for Monies laid out for building the Granaries, which 
is 80 1. so the charge will be yearly 200 1. Noiv if the 
Country-man pay six pence a Quarter yearly for keep- 
ing his Corn safe and sweet in the Granary, fourteen 
thousand Quarters will come to 350 1. for Granary- 
Rent yearly. 

Admit I have a Propriety of Land in Pennsilva- 
nia or Neic-Jersey, either place then alloweth me 
to take up five thousand Acres, with Town or City- 

— 57 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 



I. s. d. 


05 00 00 


25 00 00 



05 00 00 



Lots, upon condition that I settle ten Families on 
it, therefore I send over ten Families of honest 
industrious People, the charge of each Family is 
100 I. as by the account of particulars appears, as 
foUoweth. 



For one hundred Acres of Land - 

For the Passage of the Family, 
five persons, 

For fresh provisions to use on Ship- 
board, over and above the Ships 
allowance, as Rice, Oatmeal, Flower, 
Butter, Sugar, Brandy, and some odd 
things more, which I leave to the 
discretion of those that go. 

For 3 hundred weight of six penny, 
eight penny and ten penny Nails, to 
be used on sides and Roof of the 
House, 

For a Share and Coulter, a Plow- 
Chain, 2 Sythes, 4 Sickles, a horse 
Collar, some Cordage for Harness, 2 
Stock Locks, 2 weeding Hoes, 2 
grubbing Hoes, one cross-cut Saw, 
2 Iron Wedges, 1 Iron Pot, 1 frying 
Pan, 2 falling Axes, 1 broad Ax, 1 
Spade, 1 Hatchet, 1 Fro to cleave 
Clapboard, Shingle and Coopers 
Timber, 



05 00 00 



05 00 00 



AND NEW JERSEY 

For Portridge, Custom-house 
charge and fraight, &c. on the \ 02 00 00 
goods, 

For Insurance of the one hundred 
pound 



I 03 00 00 



In all - - 50 00 00 

The remaining fifty Pounds may do well to lay 
out in these goods, which are the most vendable 
in the Country, viz. 

I. s. d. 

Ten pieces of Serge, at - - - 20 00 00 

Six pieces of narrow blew Linnen, j 
containing about two hundred > 05 00 00 
Yards, J 

200 Ells of brown Ossembrigs, at ) 
about j 

Half a piece of three quarters ) 

-r^ ,. r yjo lU \J\J 

Downs, ) 

Three pieces of coulered Linnen - 02 10 00 
Two pieces of Yorkshire Kerseys, 04 00 00 

One piece ot red Peniston, above ) 

40 yards, at 18 d, per Yard, • • J 
One piece of Demity, - - - 00 15 00 
In Buttons and Silk, Tape and 



Thred suitable to the Clothes, ' 



In All - - 50 00 00 
— 59 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

And when you come into the Country, you may 
lay out the above-mentioned goods to purchase a 
stock of Cattel and Provisions, cfv'. which for 
goods at the first cost in England, will buy at the 
prices under-mentioned, viz. 

I. s. d. 

One pair of working Oxen, at ■ 06 00 00 

One Mare 3 /. and four Cows and ) ^ _ .. „ „ „ 

} 15 00 00 
Calves, 12 /. ) 

One Bull 2 /. ten Ewes 3 /. 10 s. - 05 10 00 

Four breeding Sows, and one ) „^ ^„ 

Boor, i 

One fat Ox to kill for winter Pro- ) n^ 1 00 
visions, i 

400 pound of Pork, at 3 half pence ) 09 10 00 
per i^ound, - - - - - - 3 

24 pound of Butter, at 4 d. per ) 
pound, i 

One Barrel of salted Fish, - ■ 00 10 00 

One Barrel of Malassas to make 
Beer, 

40 Bushels of Indian Corn, at 1 .'9. 
8 d. per Bushel, 

20 Bushels of Eye, at 2 .s\ per 
Bushel, 

20 Bushels of Wheat, at 3 s. per "I 
Bushel, i 

6 Bushels of Pease and Indian 
Beans, [at 3 s.] per Bushel, 

— 60 — 



01 08 00 
03 06 08 

02 00 00 



00 18 00 



AND NEW JERSEY 

2 Bushels of Salt, at 2 s. per Bushel, 00 04 00 

50 pound of Cheese of the Coun- 



. 00 12 06 
try-making, at 3 a. per pound, 

12 pound of Candles, at 5 d. per 1 

pound, • - ■ - - - i 

In Sugar, Spice, and other things, 00 17 10 



In All - - 50 00 00 
Note, That the above-mentioned Prices is for 
goods at first cost in England, which in Country 
Money would be something above one third 
higher, viz. a Cow and Calf valued in goods at 
first cost at 3 /. is worth in Country Money 5 /. 
and other things advance much after the same 
proportion. 

My five thousand Acres of Land cost me 100 /. 
I had of the ten Families for the one thousand 
Acres disposed of to them 50 /. my Town or City 
Lots will yield me currant 50 /. by which it appears 
I am nothing out on the four thousand Acres that 
is left. 

I get my five thousand Acres surveyed and laid 
out to me, out of which I lay out for the ten Fami- 
lies one thousand Acres, which may be so divided, 
as that each family may live near one to the 
other; I indent with them to let the Money lie in 
their hands six years, for which they to pay me 
each family, 8 /. a year, in consideration of the 

— 6i — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

one hundred pound a family laid out for them, 
and at the expiration of the six years, they to pay 
me my 1000 /. viz. each family 100 /. as by agree- 
ment ; my Money being paid me, I am unwilling 
to let it lie dead, therefore I lay out in the middle 
of my Land one thousand Acres, which 1 divide 
into ten lots, in form and manner as before, then 
I indent, with fifty servants to serve me four years 
a piece, I place them on the Land, viz. five on 
each lot. Their Passage, and in goods to purchase 
Cattel and Provisions, &c. is to each five servants 
100 /. as before is explained ; Now I order a House 
to be built, and Orchards, Gardens and Inclosures 
to be made, and Husbandry affairs to be carried 
on on each lot; so that at the four years end, as 
the servants time is expired, I shall have ten 
Farms, each containing four hundred Acres ; for 
the one thousand Acres being laid out in the 
middle of my Land, the remaining three thousand 
Acres joyns to it. 

My servants time being expired, I am willing to 
see what charge I am out upon these ten Farms 
and Stock, in order to know what I have gain'd 
in the ten years past, over and above 8 /. per- Cent. 
Interest, that is allowed me for the use of my 
Money: I am out by the first charge 1000 /. & the 
Interest thereof for four years, at 8 /. 'per Cent, is 
for the four years 320 1. so that the whole charge 
on the ten Fanns, Principal & Interest, comes to 

— 62 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

1320 1. Now if I value my ten Farms but at 400 1. 
each, which is 20 s. per Acre, one with another; 
then the whole will be 4000 1. besides the first 
Stock of Cattel and Hogs, &c. to each Plantation, 
with its Increase for four years, which Stock cost 
at first to each Farm 30 /. in goods at first cost, but 
is worth 40 /. sterling, at which rate the Stock on 
the ten Farms cost 400 /. and if we account the 
four years Increase to be no more than the first 
Stock, yet that is 400 /. by which it appears that 
the ten Farms, and the stock on them is worth 
4800 /, out of which deduct the Money laid out, 
which with Interest is 1320 /. So that the Neat 
profit, besides 8 /. per Cent, allowed for Interest, 
is for this ten years improvement, 3480 /. and 
twenty Families set at liberty from that extream 
Slavery that attended them, by reason of great 
Poverty that they endured in England, and must 
have so continued, had not they been thus 
redeemed by coming into America. It may be 
thought that this is too great an undertaking for 
one man, which if it be, then I propose that ten 
joyn together in this community, and each man 
send over five Servants, of which let one of them 
be an honest man that understands Country busi- 
ness, as an Overseer, which if we allow him over 
and above his Passage and Diet 20 /. a year for 
his four years service, this amounts to 80 /. which 
is for the ten farms 800 /. which being deducted 

-63- 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

out of the 3480 /. there only remains 2680 /. clear 
profit to the ten men, which is for each man 268 /. 
for his ten years improvement of his 100 /. and 
his 100 /. back again with Interest for all the time 
at 8 I. pe?- Cent, per annum, the whole producing 
448 l. for his 100 /. first laid out. 

Some may object, and say, They cannot believe the 
Land of each farm, ivifh its Improvements, tvill sell 
at 20 s. an Acre, that is, at twelve years purchase 
1 s. 8 d. per Acre per annum, because three hundred 
Acres of it is as it vkis, viz. Rough Woods. 

I Answer ; That although it be so, yet these 
Woods are made valuable by the twenty Families 
that are seated near them, the first ten families 
having been settled ten years, the last four years ; 
for some are willing to have their Children live 
near them; and they having but one hundred 
Acres in all, it will not be well to divide that, 
therefore they will give a good price for one hun- 
dred Acres, to settle a Child upon, to live by 
them, as experience sheweth; for in Rhode-Island, 
which is not far from us. Land rough in the 
Woods, not better than ours, will sell at 40 s. an 
Acre, which is 3 s. 4 d. per Acre per annum. There- 
fore, Reader, I hope now thou art convinced that 
there is a probability that what 1 here inform thee 
of, will prove true, causalties of Fire, &c. excepted. 

The Indians are but few in Number, and have 

-64- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

been very serviceable to us by selling us Venison, 
Indian Corn, Pease and Beans, Fish and Fowl, 
Buck Skins, Beaver, Otter, and other Skins and 
Furs; the Men hunt. Fish and Fowl, and the 
Women plant the Corn, and carry Burthens ; they 
are many of them of a good Understanding, con- 
sidering their education; and in their publick 
Meetings of Business, they have excellent Order, 
one speaking after another, and while one is 
speaking all the rest keep silent, and do not so 
much as whisper one to the other: We had 
several Meetings with them, one was in order 
to put down the sale of Bum, Brandy, and other 
strong Liquors to them, they being a People 
that have not Government of themselves, so as 
to drink it in moderation; at which time there 
were eight Kings, (& many other Indians) one 
of the[mj was Ockanicl-on, whose dying Words I 
writ from his Mouth, which you shall have in 
its order. 

The Indian Kings sate on a Form, and we sate 
on another over against them ; they had prepared 
four Belts of Wampum, (so their current Money is 
called, being Black and White Beads made of a 
Fish Shell) to give us as Seals of the Covenant 
they made with us; one of the Kings by the con- 
sent and appointment of the rest stood up and 
made this following Speech; The strong Liquors 
was first sold us by the Dutch, and they were blind, 

-65- 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

they had no Eyes, they did not see that it was for our 
hurt ; and the next People that came amongst us, were 
the Sweeds, who continued the sale of those strong 
Liquors to us : they were also Blind, they had no Eyes, 
they did not see it to be hurtful to us to drink it, 
although we know it to be hurtful to us ; but if People 
will sell it us, we are so in love with it, that ive cannot 
forbear it ; when we drink it, it makes us mad ; we do 
not know what we do, we then abuse one another ; we 
throw each other into the Fire, seven Score of our 
People have been killed, by reason of the drinking of 
it, since the time it was first sold us : Those People 
that sell it, they are blind, they have no Eyes, but now 
there is a People come to live amongst us, that have 
Eyes, they see it to be for our Hurt, and we know it to 
be for our Hurt : They are willing to deny themselves 
of the Profit of it if for our good ; these People have 
Eyes ; we are glad such a People are come amongst 
us. We must put it down by mutual consent; the 
Cask must be sealed up, it must be made fast, it 
must not leak by Day nor by Night, in the Light, 
nor in the Dark, and we give you these four Belts of 
Wampam, which we ivould have you lay up safe, 
and keep by you to be Witness of this Agreement that 
we make with you, and tve would have you tell 
your Children, that these four Belts of Wampam are 
given you to be Witness betwixt us and you of this 
Agreement. 

— 66 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

A Letter from New -Jersey in America to a Friend 
in London. 
Dear Friend ; 

I Having this short opportunity, have nothing 
to present thee with, but the Dying-Words of 
an Indian King, who died in Burlington, and was 
buried amongst Friends according to his desire; 
and at his Burial many Tears were shed both by 
the Indians and English ; so in Love, and great 
haste, I rest thy Friend, 

John Cripps. 



The Dying-Words of Ockanichon, spoken to Jach- 
kursoe, whom he appointed King after hi?n, spoken 
in the Presence of several, ivho ivere Eye and Ear 
Witnesses of the Truth thereof. 

IT was my desire, that my Brother's Son, Jah- 
kursoe should be sent for to come to hear my 
last Words, whom I have appointed King after 
me. My Brother's Son, this day I deliver my 
Heart into thy Bosom, and would have thee love 
that which is Good and to keep good Company, 
and to refuse that which is Evil ; and to avoid bad 
Company. Now inasmuch as I have delivered my 
Heart into thy Bosom 1 also deliver my Bosom to 
keep my Heart therein ; therefore alwayes be sure 
to walk in a good Path, and never depart out of 
it. And if any Indians should speak any evil of 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Indians or Christians, do not joyn with it, but to 
look to that which is Good, and to joyn with the 
same alwayes. Look at the Sun from the Rising 
of it to the Setting of the same. In Speeches that 
shall be made between the Indiatis and Christians, 
if any thing be spoke that is evil, do not joyn with 
that, but joyn with that which is good; and when 
Speeches are made, do not thou speak first, but 
let all speak before thee, and take good notice 
what each man speaks, and when thou hast heard 
all, joyn to that which is good. Brother's Son, 1 
would have thee to cleanse thy Ears, and take all 
Darkness and Foulness out, that thou mayst take 
notice of that which is Good and Evil, and then 
to joyn with that which is Good, and refuse the 
Evil; and also to cleanse thy Eyes, that thou 
may est see both Good and Evil; and if thou see 
any Evil, do not joyn with it, but joyn to that 
which is Good. Brother's Son, Thou has heard 
all that is past ; now 1 would have thee to stand 
up in time of Speeches, and to stand in my Steps, 
and follow my Speeches as I have said before thee, 
then what thou dost desire in Reason will be 
granted thee. Why shouldst thou not follow my 
Example, inasmuch as I have had a mind to do 
that which is Good, and therefore do thou also 
the same? Whereas Sehoppy and Swanpis were 
appointed Kings by me in my stead, and I under- 
standing by my Doctor, that Sehoppy secretly 

— 68 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

advised him not to cure me, and they both being 
with me at John Hollinshead's House, there 1 my 
self see by them that they were given more to 
Drink, than to take notice of my last Words, for 1 
had a mind to make a Speech to them, and to my 
Brethren the English Commissioners, therefore I 
refused them to be Kings after me in my stead, 
and have chosen my Brother's Son Jahkurosoe in 
their stead to succeed me. 

Brother's Son, I desire thee to be plain and fair 
with all, both Tndia}is and Christians, as 1 have 
been. I am very weak, otherwise I would have 
spoken more; and in Testimony of the Truth of 
this, 1 have hereunto set my Hand. 

The Mark 3 of Ockanickon, King, now deceased. 
Henry Jacob Falekinhery, Interpreter. 

Friendly Beader, when Ockanickon had given his 
Brothers Son this good Counsel, I thought meet 
to speak unto him as followeth; There is a great 
God, who Created all things, and this God giveth Man 
an understanding of what is Good, and what is Bad, 
and after this Life rewardeth the Good with Blessings, 
and the Bad according to their Doings ; to which he 
answered and said, B is very true, it is so, there are 
two Wayes, a broad Way, and a strait Way ; there he 
two Paths, a broad Path and a strait Path ; the 
worst, and the greatest Number go in the broad Path, 
the best and fewest go in the strait Path. T. B. 

-69- 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

Something in Relation to a Conference had with the 
Indians ai Burlington, shortly after we came into 
the Country. 

THe Indians told us, they were advised to 
make War on us, and cut us off whilst we 
were but few, and said. They were told, that we 
sold them the Small-Pox, with the Mach Coat they 
had bought of us, which caused our People to be 
in Fears and Jealousies concerning them ; there- 
fore we sent for the Indian Kings, to speak with 
them, who with many more Indians, came to Bur- 
lington, where we had Conference with them about 
the matter, therefore told them. That we came 
amongst them by their own consent, and had 
bought the Land of them, for which we had hon- 
estly paid them for, and for what Commodities we 
had bought at any time of them, we had paid 
them for, and had been just to them, and had 
been from the time of our first coming very kind 
and respectful to them, therefore we knew no 
Reason that they had to make War on us; to 
which one of them, in the behalf of the rest, made 
this following Speech in answer, saying, 'Our 
' Young Men may speak such Words as we do not 
' like, nor approve of, and we cannot help that : 
' And some of your Young Men may speak such 
' Words as you do not like, and you cannot help 
' that. We are your Brothers, and intend to live 

— 70 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

' like Brothers with you : We have no mind to have 
'War, for when we have War, we are only Skin 
' and Bones ; the Meat that we eat doth not do us 
' good, we alwayes are in fear, we have not the 
' benefit of the Sun to shine on us, we hide us in 
'Holes and Corners; we are minded to live at 
'Peace: If we intend at anytime to make War 
' upon you, we will let you know of it, and the 
' Reasons why we make War with you ; and if you 
' make us satisfaction for the Injury done us, for 
'which the War is intended, then we will not 
' make War on you. And if you intend at any 
' time to make War on us, we would have you let 
' us know of it, and the Reasons for which you 
' make War on us, and then if we do not make 
' satisfaction for the Injury done unto you, then 
' you may make War on us, otherwise you ought 
' not to do it. You are our Brothers, and we are 
' willing to live like Brothers with you : We are 
' willing to have a broad Path for you and us to 
' walk in, and if an Indian is asleep in this Path, 
' the English-mani shall pass him by, and do him 
'no harm; and if an Enfjlish-m.sin is asleep in this 
''path, the Indian shall pass him by, and say, He is 
' an English-man he is asleep, let him alone, he loves 
' to Sleep. It shall be a plain Path, there must not 
' be in this path sl stmnp to hurt our feet. And as 
' to the Small-Pox, it was once in my Grandfathers 
' time, and it could not be the English that could 

— 71 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

' send it us then, there being no English in the 
' Country, and it was once in my Fathers time, 
' they could not send it us then neither ; and now 
' it is in my time, I do not believe that they have 
' sent it us now : I do believe it is the Man above 
' that hath sent it us. 

Some are apt to ask, How we can propose safely 
to live amongst such a Heathen People as the In- 
dians, whose Principles and Practices leads them 
to War and Bloodshed, and our Principles and 
Practices leading us to love Enemies, and if 
reviled, not to revile again ; and if smitten on the 
one cheek to turn the other, and we being a 
peaceable People, whose Principles and Practices 
are against Wars and Fightings? 

I Answer : That we settled by the Indians con- 
sent and good liking, and bought the Land of 
them, that we settle on, which they conveyed to 
us by Deed under their Hands and Seals, and 
also submitted to several Articles of agreement 

with lis, viz. iRot to bo U0 aw^ flnjuri? ; but if 

it should so happen, that any of their People at 
any time should injure or do harm to any of us, 
then they to make us satisfaction for the Injury 
done; therefore if they break these Covenants 
and Agreements, then they may be proceeded 
against as other Offenders, viz. to be kept in sub- 
jection to the Magistrates Power, in whose hand 
the Sword of Justice is committed to be used by 

— 72 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

him, for the punishment of Evil-doers, and praise 
of them that do well ; therefore I do believe it to 
be both lawful and expedient to bring Offendors 
to Justice by the power of the Magistrates Sword, 
which is not to be used in vain, but may be used 
against such as raise Rebellions and Insurrections 
against the Government of the Country, be they 
Indians or others, otherwise it is in vain for us to 
pretend to Magistracy or Government, it being 
that which we own to be lawful both in Principle 
and Practice. 

Q. Whether there be not Bears, Wolves, and 
other Ravenous Beasts in the Country? 

I Answer : Yes. But I have travell'd alone in 
the Country some hundreds of Miles, and by 
missing of my way have lain in the Woods all 
night, and yet I never saw any of those Creatures, 
nor have 1 heard that ever man, woman or child 
were hurt by them, they being afraid of Mankind ; 
also, encouragement is given to both Indians and 
others to kill Wolves, they being paid for every 
Wolfs head that they bring to the Magistrate, the 
value of ten Shillings; and the Bears the Indians 
kill for the profit of their Skins, and sake of their 
Flesh, which they eat, and esteem better than 
Deers flesh. 

Q. Whether there be not Snakes, more especi- 
ally the Rattle-Snake? 

Ans. Yes, but not many Rattle -Snakes, and 

— 73 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

they are easily discovered ; for they commonly lie 
in the Paths for the benefit of the Sun, & if any 
Person draws nigh them, they shake their Tail, 
on which the Rattles grow, which make a noise 
like a childs Rattle ; I never heard of but one Per- 
son bitten in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey with the 
Rattle- Snake, and he was helpt of it by live 
Chickens slit assunder and apply' d to the place, 
which drew out the Poyson ; and as to the other 
Snake, the most plentiful is a black Snake, its 
bite, 'tis said, does no more harm than the prick 
of a Pin. 

I have mentioned before, that there are a sort 
of troublesom Flies call'd Musketoes (much like 
the Gnats in England) in the lower parts of the 
Country, where the great Marshes are, but in the 
upper parts of the Country seldom one is seen. 

There are Crows and Black birds, which may 
be accounted amongst the inconveniences, they 
being destructive to the Indian Corn, the Crows 
by picking up the Corn just as its appearing in 
the blade above ground, and the Black-birds by 
eating it in the Year, before it be full hard, if not 
prevented by looking after; but other sorts of 
Corn they seldom hurt. 

It is rational to believe, that all considerate 
Persons will sit down and count the cost before 
they begin to build ; for they must expect to pass 
through a Winter before a Summer, but not so 

— 74 — 



AND NEW JERSEY 

troublesom a Winter as many have imagined; 
for those that come there to settle now, may pur- 
chase Corn, Cattel, and other things at the prices 
mentioned, and many have Houses in some of the 
Towns of Pennsilvania and Neiv-Jersey on Rent, 
until they build for themselves, and Water-Mills 
to grind their Corn, which are such Conveniences 
that we that went first partly missed of. 

Thus, Kind Reader, I have given thee a true De- 
scription oj Pennsilvania and New-Jersey, with the 
Rivers and Springs, Fish and Fowle, Beasts, Fruits, 
Plants, Corn ayid Commodities, that it doth or may 
produce, with several other things needful for thee to 
know, as well Inconveniences as Conveniences, by 
which 1 keep clear of that just Reflection of such as 
are more apt to see faults in others, than to amend 
them in themselves. T. B. 



WHereas I unadvisedly published in Print a 
Paper, dated the 13th of July, 1685. enti- 
tuled, A true and perfect Account of the disposal of 
the one hundred Shares or Proprieties of the Province 
of West New- Jersey, by Edward Bylling: In which 
Paper I gave an Account of the purchasers Names, 
and the several Proprieties granted to them, part 
of which I took from the Register, the remainder 
from a List given in by Edward Bylling, to the 
Proprioters, as mentioned on the said Paper, 
which Paper I find hath proved Injurious to the 

— 75 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

aforesaid Edward Bijlling, although not so intended 
by me. Therefore in order to give him Satisfac- 
tion, and all others that are concerned, I do 
acknowledge he hath, since the publishing of that 
Pajmr, shewed me some Deeds, wherein he hath 
several Proprieties conveyed back to him again, 
from the original Purchasers and Judge, he may 
make good Titles to the same. 



A Letter by Thomas Budd, sent to his Friends in 
Pennsilvania and New-Jersey. 

Dear Friends ; 

YOu are often in my Remembrance, and at this 
time 1 feel the tender Bowels of our heav- 
enly Father's Love flowing in my Heart towards 
you, in a sence of those great Exercises that many 
of you have, do and may meet withal in your 
Spiritual Travel towards the Land of Promise. 

1 am also sensible of the many Exercises and 
inward Combats that many of you met withal, 
after you felt an inclination in your Hearts of 
Transplanting your selves into Aynerica: Oh the 
Breathings and fervent Prayers, and earnest Desires 
that were in your Hearts to the Lord, That you 
might not go except it ivas his good. Pleasure to remove 
you, for a purpose of his own : This you earnestly 
desired to be satisfied in, and many of you received 
satisfaction, that it was your places to leave your 



AND NEW JERSEY 

Native Country, Trades, and near and dear Rela- 
tions and Friends to transplant your selves into a 
Wilderness, where you expected to meet with 
many Tryals and Exercises of a differing kind, 
than what you had met withal in your Native 
Country; but this you contentedly gave up to, 
but not without earnest desire, and fervent Pray- 
ers to the Lord for his Wisdom to govern you, 
and his Fatherly Care to preserve you, and his 
comfortable presence to be with you, to strengthen 
and enable you chearfuly to undergo those new 
and unaccustomed Tryals and Exercises, that you 
were sensible would attend you in this weighty 
undertaking, the Lord heard your Prayers, and 
answered your Desires, inasmuch as that his 
Fatherly Care was over you, and his living Pres- 
ence did accompany you over the great Deep ; so 
that you saw his wonderful Deliverence, and in a 
sence thereof, you praised his Name for the same. 

The Lord having thus far answered our Souls 
desire, as to bring us to our desired Port in safety, 
and to remain with us, to be a Counsellor of good 
things unto us, let us now answer this Kindness 
unto us by a righteous Conversation, and a pure^ 
holy and innocent Life, that others beholding the 
same, may be convinced thereby, and may glorifie 
our heavenly Father. 

The Eyes of many are on us, some for Good, 
and some for Evil ; therefore my earnest Prayers 

— 77 — 



B U D D ' S PENNSYLVANIA 

are to the Lord, That he would preserve us, and 
give us Wisdom, that we may be governed aright 
before him, and that he would give a good Under- 
standing to those that are in Authority amongst 
us, that his Law may go forth of Sion, and his 
Word from Jerusalem,: Be not backward in dis- 
charging that great Trust committed to you in 
your respective Offices and Places, that you may 
be help-meets in the Restoration. 

And be careful to suppress, and keep down all 
Vice, and disorderly Spirits, and incourage Vir- 
tue, not only in the general, but every one in his 
perticular Family; there is an incumbant Duty 
lieth on all Masters of Families over their Family, 
therefore my desire is, that we may call our 
Families together at convenient times and Sea- 
sons, to wait upon the Lord, and to seek to him 
for Wisdom and Counsel, that his Blessings may 
attend us and our Families, and our Children 
may sit about our Table as Olive-branches full of 
Virtue, then shall we be full of Joy and Peace, 
and living Praises will spring to the Lord, in that 
his Blessings and Fatherly Care hath been thus 
continued towards us. 

Dear Friends; be tender and helpful one towards 
another, that the Lord may bless and fill you with 
his divine Love, and sweet refreshing Life, which 
unities our Souls to each other, and makes us as 
one Family of Love together: Let us not entertain 

-78- 



AND NEW JERSEY 

any hard Thoughts one of another, but if differ- 
ence should happen amongst us, let a speedy and 
peaceable end be put unto it; for if Prejudices 
enter, it will eat out the precious Life, and make 
us barren and unfruitful to God. We are not 
without our daily Exercises, Trayals and Tempta- 
tions, therefore do desire the Lord may put it into 
your Hearts, to Pray for our Preservation, and 
our safe return to you, that we may meet together 
again in the same overcoming Love of God, in 
which we parted from you. 

My Heart is full of Love to you, and do long to 
see your Faces, and to enjoy your Company, that 
I may more fully express that pure Love of God 
that springs in my Heart unto you, then I can do 
by Writing. Therefore 1 desire you may rest sat- 
isfied with these few Lines, and receive them as a 
token of unfeigned Love. From 

Your dear Friend, 

Thomas Budd. 
London, the 29th ^ 
of the 8th V 

Month, 1684. J 



Some material Things omitted in the foregoing 

part. 

IT is to be noted, that the Tide runs to the Falls 
of Delaware, it being one hundred and fifty 
Miles from the Capes, or entrance of the said River 

— 79 — 



B U D D ' S P E N N S Y L V A N I A 

(which Falls, is a ledge of Rocks lying a cross the 
River) and also it runs up in some of the Cricks, 
ten or fifteen Miles, the said River and Cricks 
being navigable for Ships of great Burthen, there 
having lain over against Biirluigfo/i, a Ship of 
about the burthen of four hundred Tuns afloat in 
four Fathom, at dead low Water, and the Flood 
riseth six or eight Foot; and there being no Worm 
that eats the bottoms of the Ships, as is usually 
done in Virginia and Barbadoes, &c. which renders 
the said Countries very fit for Trade and Naviga- 
tion : And in the said River and Cricks are many 
other sorts of good Fish, not already named, some 
of which are Cat-fish, Trout, Eales, Pearch, &c. 



80 — 



NAV 



1^0 



jGOPY DEL. to CAT. CUV, 
NOV. 15 1902 



